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• C language
  • Accessing C++ data members from C ... [32.9]
  • C vs. C++ ... [6.5]
  • C++ backward compatibility ... [6.11]
  • C++ is higher level than C ... [32.10]
  • C++ requires different skills/insights ... [34.1]
  • Calling C from C++ ... [32.5]
  • Calling C++ from C ... [32.6]
  • Coding standards different from C++ ... [27.3], [34.1]
  • Common linker errors ... [23.10], [32.7]
  • Converting C++ to C ... [38.13]
  • __cplusplus ... [32.4]
  • extern "C" ... [32.3]
  • Including C headers ... [32.2], [32.3], [32.4]
  • Linking must be directed by C++ ... [32.1]
  • main() must be compiled using C++ ... [32.1]
  • Mixing C and C++ code ... [32]
  • Newsgroup comp.lang.c ... [5.9]
  • Not an efficient way to learn OO/C++ ... [28.2], [34.1]
  • Passing C++ objects to C code ... [32.8], [32.9]
  • static at file-scope ... [7.5]
• C++ books ... [28]
  • C++ FAQ Book ... [3]
  • Coding-Standards in C++ ... [27.1], [27.13]
  • Design ... [28.8]
  • Legality issues of C++ ... [28.4], [28.6]
  • Morality issues of C++ ... [28.4], [28.5]
  • Programming-by-example in C++ ... [28.4], [28.7]
• C++ compiler
  • List of vendors ... [38.5]
  • Yaccable grammar ... [38.11]
• C++ compilers
  • Free: Borland free C++ compiler ... [38.1]
  • Free: Digital Mars free C++ compiler ... [38.1]
  • Free: DJGPP free C++ compiler ... [38.1]
  • Free: Microsoft C++ freely downloadable command-line compiler ... [38.1]
  • Free: MinGW free C++ compiler ... [38.1]
• C++ FAQ ... [3]
  • Author ... [1.1]
  • Availability on-line ... [2]
  • Belorussian translation ... [2.3]
  • Book covers different topics ... [3.2]
  • Bosnian translation ... [2.4]
  • Bulgarian translation ... [2.5]
  • Chinese (Mainland/GB encoding) translation ... [2.6]
  • Chinese (Taiwan/Big5 encoding) translation ... [2.6]
  • Copy permissions ... [1]
  • Copying permissions ... [1.3]
  • Copyright notice ... [1.2]
  • Croatian translation ... [2.4]
  • French translation ... [2.7]
  • German translation ... [2.8]
  • Greek translation ... [2.9]
  • How you can help ... [6.19]
  • Korean translation ... [2.10]
  • Minsk translation ... [2.3]
  • Mirror WWW sites ... [2.1]
  • No Warranty ... [1.4]
  • Not same as C++ FAQ Book ... [1.6], [3.2]
  • Polish translation ... [2.11]
  • Portuguese translation ... [2.12]
  • Recent changes ... [4]
  • Romanian translation ... [2.13]
  • Russian translation ... [2.14]
  • Serbian translation ... [2.4]
  • Spanish translation ... [2.15]
  • Turkish translation ... [2.16]
• C++ FAQ Book ... [3]
  • Covers different topics from this on-line document ... [3.2]
  • ISBN ... [3.1]
  • Not same as the on-line document ... [3.2]
  • URL for Amazon.com ... [3.1]
• C++ Keywords
  • catch ... [17.1]
  • class ... [7.1], [7.9]
  • const ... [13.9], [18.1]
  • const_cast ... [18.13]
  • delete ... [13.10], [16.9], [16.11], [16.12], [16.14], [16.15], [38.7]
  • explicit ... [10.22], [13.9], [20.7]
  • export ... [35.14], [35.15]
  • extern ... [32], [32.3]
  • for ... [39.8]
  • if ... [17.1]
  • inline ... [9.1], [9.6], [9.7], [9.9], [39.13]
  • mutable ... [18.13]
  • new ... [16.1], [16.4], [16.5], [16.11]
  • operator ... [13.4]
  • private ... [7.4], [7.6], [24]
  • protected ... [7.4], [24]
  • public ... [7.9]
  • sizeof ... [26.1], [26.2], [26.5], [26.6]
  • struct ... [7.1], [7.9]
  • template ... [35.14]
  • this ... [10.7]
  • throw ... [17.1], [17.15]
  • try ... [17.1]
  • typeid ... [34.4]
  • typename ... [16.18], [16.19], [35.2], [35.3], [35.4], [35.12], [35.13]
  • using ... [23.9], [27.5]
  • virtual ... [16.24], [17.16], [20.7], [25.9]
• C++ Libraries FAQ ... [37.9]
• C++ to C conversion ... [38.13]
• C++11 ... [6.12]
  • Constructor chaining ... [10.3]
  • extern template ... [35.13], [35.14], [35.15]
  • Type inference ... [15.22]
• C++2LaTeX (see Pretty printing) ... [40.3]
• C-Clearly (see Pretty printing) ... [40.3]
• Cache Misses
  • Avoiding with a Matrix class ... [13.11], [13.12]
  • Striding the cache ... [13.11], [13.12]
• Calling base-class member functions using :: ... [20.5]
• Calling member functions defined in my base class ... [20.5]
• Calling Virtuals During Initialization Idiom ... [23.6]
• Can randomly expose errors; Multi-threading and ... [16.2]
• Can't invent new operators (see also Operator overloading) ... [13.7]
• Can't replace behavior on built-in operators (see also Operator overloading) ... [13.6], [26.10]
• Car and Truck example ... [20.6]
• Car: Parking lot of Car vs. of Vehicle ... [21.3]
• Casting Derived** → Base**, evilness of ... [21.2]
• Casting Foo** → Foo const**, evilness of ... [18.17]
• Casting pointers, evilness of ... [16.25], [18.17], [21.2], [23.12], [27.11], [30.2], [30.3], [37.5]
• catch ... [17]
  • Avoid catch-by-pointer (usually) ... [17.13], [17.14]
  • Avoid catch-by-value ... [17.13]
  • Avoiding an overabundance of try/catch blocks ... [17.7]
  • Broken mindset ... [17.6], [17.7]
  • Catch-by-pointer, avoid (usually) ... [17.13], [17.14]
  • Catch-by-value, avoid ... [17.13]
  • Compared to return-codes and if ... [17.1], [17.2]
  • Constructors can throw exceptions ... [17.8]
  • Copy ctor must be publicly accessible ... [17.17]
  • Destructors ... [11.13], [17.9]
  • DIRR (Destruction Is Resource Reclamation) ... [6.18]
  • Eliminate some if statements ... [17.1]
  • Example of throw; to re-throw current exception ... [16.10], [17.11], [38.7], [38.8]
  • Example of try ... catch ... [16.10], [17.11], [38.7], [38.8]
  • Free lunch...NOT! ... [17.5]
  • Inherit your own exception classes (ultimately) from std::exception ... [17.12]
  • Member objects should be self-managing ... [17.10]
  • Mindset, right and wrong ... [17.6], [17.7]
  • Not one-size-fits-all ... [17.5]
  • Number of copies made internally ... [17.17]
  • Panacea...NOT! ... [17.5]
  • Polymorphically throwing ... [17.16]
  • Publicly accessible copy constructor ... [17.17]
  • RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization) ... [6.18], [17.6], [17.7]
  • Requires discipline and rigor ... [17.5]
  • RRID (Resource Reclamation Is Destruction) ... [6.18]
  • Separate the "good (happy) path" from the "bad path" ... [17.4]
  • Simplify function return types and parameter types ... [17.3]
  • Simplify propagating the error information up the stack ... [17.2]
  • Stack unwinding ... [11.13], [17.9]
  • std::bad_alloc ... [16.6], [16.7]
  • std::runtime_error ... [17.12]
  • throw ... [16.6], [16.7]
  • throw; (without an exception-object after the throw keyword) ... [17.15]
  • Throwing polymorphically ... [17.16]
  • What to catch ... [17.13]
  • What to throw ... [17.12]
  • Whipping boy for the weak ... [17.5]
  • Wrong mindset ... [17.6], [17.7]
• catch keyword ... [17.1]
• Catch-by-pointer, avoid (usually) (see also under Exceptions) ... [17.13], [17.14]
• Catch-by-value, avoid (see also under Exceptions) ... [17.13]
• Caveats, Serialization and ... [36.12]
• Ccdoc ... [40.1]
• ccdoc: a javadoc-like tool ... [40.1]
• Cfront C++ compiler ... [38.13]
• Chaining method calls ... [8.4], [10.20]
• Changes to this document ... [4]
• Changing the screen's colors ... [15.21]
• char* (use a string-like class instead), evilness of ... [13.6], [17.11]
• char: Defined ... [26.3], [26.4]
• char: Not necessarily the same as "character" ... [26.3]
• char: sizeof(char) is 1 ... [26.1]
• Character not necessarily the same as char ... [26.3], [26.4]
• Chinese (Mainland/GB encoding) translation of this document ... [2.6]
• Chinese (Taiwan/Big5 encoding) translation of this document ... [2.6]
• CHM version of this document ... [2.1]
• Choosing between integer sizes ... [29.5]
• Choosing member-functions vs. friend-functions ... [14.5]
• Choosing the best Serialization technique ... [36.2]
• Chopped copies ... [17.13], [17.16], [20.8], [22.5], [31.8], [34.4]
• Circles vs. Ellipses ... [21.6], [21.7], [21.8], [21.9], [21.10], [21.11]
• Circular dependencies ... [39.11]
• class keyword ... [7.1], [7.9]
• Class template is a family of classes (see also under Templates) ... [35.2], [35.12]
• Class templates ... [35.2], [35.12], [35.15]
• clear() and std::istream (input/output) ... [15.3]
• Clearing the screen ... [15.20]
• Cline, Marshall ... [1.1]
• clone() methods ... [16.24], [20.8], [22.5]
• clrscr() ... [15.20]
• Code beautifier
  • A2PS ... [40.3]
  • Artistic Style ... [40.3]
  • C++2LaTeX ... [40.3]
  • C-Clearly ... [40.3]
  • GNU indent ... [40.3]
  • grind ... [40.3]
  • HPS Beauty ... [40.3]
  • lgrind ... [40.3]
  • ProFactor StyleManager ... [40.3]
  • Source Styler for C++ ... [40.3]
  • StyleManager, ProFactor ... [40.3]
  • tgrind ... [40.3]
  • Uncrustify ... [40.3]
• Code bloat ... [9.3]
• Code duplication, Avoiding ... [35.9]
• Coding standards (see also Operator overloading) ... [27.10]
• Coding standards ... [27]
  • Assignment operators check assignment-to-self ... [12.1], [27.10]
  • Assignment operators return *this ... [27.10]
  • Assignment operators use const ... [27.10]
  • Avoid arrays ... [16.17], [17.11], [21.5], [34.1]
  • Avoid bizarre syntax ... [27.14]
  • Avoid casting Derived** → Base** ... [21.2]
  • Avoid casting Foo** → Foo const** ... [18.17]
  • Avoid casting pointers ... [16.25], [18.17], [21.2], [23.12], [27.11], [30.2], [30.3], [37.5]
  • Avoid char* (use a string-like class instead) ... [13.6], [17.11]
  • Avoid converting array-of-Derived → kind-of Array-of-Base ... [21.4]
  • Avoid Derived** → Base**, Casting ... [21.2]
  • Avoid dynamically typed libraries ... [37.5]
  • Avoid explicitly calling destructors (sometimes okay) ... [11.10]
  • Avoid explicitly calling destructors on local objects ... [11.5], [11.6]
  • Avoid Foo** → Foo const**, Casting ... [18.17]
  • Avoid hiding inherited public features ... [21.1], [21.6], [21.7], [21.8], [21.9], [23.9]
  • Avoid hiding nested identifiers ... [39.8]
  • Avoid macros ... [9.5], [29.11], [30.3], [39.4], [39.5], [39.6]
  • Avoid missing virtual on some base class dtors ... [20.7]
  • Avoid mixing malloc() and delete ... [16.3]
  • Avoid mixing new and free() ... [16.3]
  • Avoid mixing new T[n] with delete p ... [16.12], [16.13], [26.11]
  • Avoid mixing realloc() and new ... [16.5]
  • Avoid overabundance of try/catch blocks ... [17.7]
  • Avoid passing array-of-Derived as array-of-Base ... [21.4], [21.5]
  • Avoid pointer casts ... [16.25], [18.17], [21.2], [23.12], [27.11], [30.2], [30.3], [37.5]
  • Avoid preprocessor ... [29.8]
  • Avoid unnecessary global variables ... [33.2], [39.8]
  • Avoid unnecessary use of "dumb" pointers ... [34.6]
  • Avoid zombie objects ... [17.8]
  • Bloodshed, Jihads, and Heat vs. Light ... [27.1]
  • Coding standards are never sufficient ... [27.2]
  • Coding standards are sometimes necessary ... [27.2]
  • const_cast ... [18.13]
  • Constructors should throw exceptions on failure ... [17.8]
  • Copy constructors use const ... [27.10]
  • Declare near first use ... [27.7]
  • Design classes from the outside-in ... [13.13]
  • Don't base C++ standards on C standards ... [27.3], [34.1]
  • Don't test for NULL after new ... [16.6]
  • Don't test for NULL before delete ... [16.8]
  • Explicitly calling destructors (don't!) ... [11.9]
  • Header filename extensions ... [27.9]
  • Identifier naming conventions ... [27.12]
  • Initialization lists ... [10.6], [26.8], [27.10]
  • Law of the Big Three ... [16.17], [27.10]
  • Macros that contain if ... [39.4]
  • Macros that contain multiple lines ... [39.5]
  • Macros that perform token pasting ... [39.6]
  • main() returns int, not void ... [5.8], [29.3]
  • Multiple inheritance ... [25.4]
  • Never throw exceptions from a dtor ... [17.9]
  • Operator overloading ... [27.10]
  • Prefer ++i over i++ ... [13.15]
  • Source filename extensions ... [27.8]
  • static at file-scope (don't!) ... [7.5]
  • The Ellemtel coding guidelines ... [27.13]
  • Todd Hoff's coding guidelines ... [27.13]
  • Use a std::string object rather than a char* ... [13.6], [17.11]
  • Use delete[] for arrays ... [16.12]
  • Use of the ternary ?: operator ... [27.6]
  • virtual destructors ... [20.7], [27.10]
  • Whitespace pseudo-standards ... [29.10]
• Coding standards concerning (Const correctness) ... [27.10]
• Coding-Standard books on C++ ... [27.1], [27.13]
• Colors: changing the screen's ... [15.21]
• Column-major order ... [13.11], [13.12]
• Combinations ... [5.3]
• Comma operator (see also Operator overloading) ... [13.9]
• Committee Draft (CD) for ANSI/ISO C++ ... [6.13]
• comp.lang.c++
  • Acronyms ... [5.1]
  • Don't answer FAQs ... [5.6]
  • Don't post job ads ... [5.10]
  • Don't post resumés ... [5.11]
  • FAQs for other newgroups ... [5.14]
  • How to handle off-topic postings ... [5.12]
  • How to post code ... [5.8]
  • Netiquette ... [5.4]
  • Not for homework problems ... [5.2]
  • Spam ... [5.13]
  • Subject: lines ... [5.7]
  • What if others ask FAQs ... [5.5]
  • What if others ask homework problems ... [5.3]
  • Which newsgroup to use ... [5.9]
• Compared to return-codes and if (see also under Exceptions) ... [17.1], [17.2]
• Comparisons, floating point ... [29.17], [29.18]
• Compatibility, Binary ... [38.9]
• Compilation model, separate ... [35.12], [35.13], [35.14], [35.15]
• Compile-time (see also under Templates) ... [35.10]
• Compiler dependencies ... [38], [38.5]
• Compiler option -D ... [35.14]
• Compilers for C++ ... [38.5], [38.11], [38.13]
  • Free: Borland free C++ compiler ... [38.1]
  • Free: Digital Mars free C++ compiler ... [38.1]
  • Free: DJGPP free C++ compiler ... [38.1]
  • Free: Microsoft C++ freely downloadable command-line compiler ... [38.1]
  • Free: MinGW free C++ compiler ... [38.1]
• Composition
  • Benefits compared to freestore ... [31.4], [31.5]
  • Compared with private inheritance ... [24.2]
  • Criteria for composition vs. private inheritance ... [24.3]
  • Inlining virtual functions ... [31.5], [31.6]
• Concrete (Bitwise) state vs. Abstract (Meaningwise) state ... [18.10], [18.11]
• Conflicts; Reader/writer and writer/writer conflicts ... [36.12]
• Confusion increases cost ... [23.4]
• Conservative garbage collectors ... [16.27]
• Consistency is good, but not the greatest good ... [23.3]
• Const correctness ... [18], [18.1]
  • A form of type safety ... [18.2]
  • Aliasing of const and non-const pointers ... [18.15]
  • Basics ... [29.6]
  • Coding standards concerning ... [27.10]
  • const member functions ... [18.10]
  • const X& x vs. X const& x ... [18.8]
  • const X* x vs. X const* x ... [18.9]
  • const-overloading ... [18.12]
  • const-reference returned from const member functions ... [18.11]
  • const_cast ... [18.13], [18.14]
  • Converting Foo** → Foo const**, evilness of ... [18.17]
  • Fred& const x is nonsense ... [18.7]
  • Immutable (const) pointers ... [18.5]
  • mutable ... [18.13]
  • Pointer to const member function ... [33.8]
  • Pointer-to-const ... [18.4], [18.5], [26.13]
  • Pointer-to-const aliasing ... [18.16]
  • Prefer const vs. #define ... [29.7]
  • Reference-to-const ... [18.6], [26.13]
  • Retrofitting const correctness is hard ... [18.3]
  • X const& x vs. const X& x ... [18.8]
  • X const* x vs. const X* x ... [18.9]
• const keyword ... [13.9], [18.1]
• const member functions (Const correctness) ... [18.10]
• const pointers ... [18.4], [18.5], [18.16]
• const references ... [18.1], [18.6]
• const X& x vs. X const& x (Const correctness) ... [18.8]
• const X* x vs. X const* x (Const correctness) ... [18.9]
• const-overloading (Const correctness) ... [18.12]
• const-overloading of the subscript operator, operator[] ... [13.9], [18.12]
• const-reference returned from const member functions (Const correctness) ... [18.11]
• const_cast (Const correctness) ... [18.13], [18.14]
• const_cast keyword ... [18.13]
• Construct On First Use Idiom ... [10.15], [10.16], [10.17], [10.18], [26.9]
• Constructive operators should return by value (see also Operator overloading) ... [13.9]
• Constructive operators shouldn't change their operands (see also Operator overloading) ... [13.9]
• Constructors ... [10], [16.10]
  • Build objects from dust ... [10.1]
  • Calling a virtual from ... [10.7], [23.5]
  • Calling a virtual from; idiom ... [23.6]
  • Calling another constructor ... [10.3]
  • Coding standards re. copy constructor ... [27.10]
  • Copy, Should use const ... [27.10]
  • Default constructors ... [10.4], [10.5]
  • Init methods ... [10.3]
  • Initialization lists, Coding standard ... [10.6], [26.8], [27.10]
  • Initialization lists, Using this within ... [10.7]
  • Initialization of static data ... [10.14], [10.15], [10.17]
  • Member objects should be self-managing ... [17.10]
  • Named Constructor Idiom ... [10.8], [16.21], [16.24]
  • Order with inheritance ... [25.14]
  • Throwing exceptions ... [17.8]
  • Virtual Constructor Idiom ... [16.24], [17.16], [20.8], [22.5]
• Constructors can throw exceptions (see also under Exceptions) ... [17.8]
• Containers ... [34]
  • Container of Thing vs. of Anything ... [21.3], [21.4]
  • Heterogeneous ... [34.4]
  • Iterators ... [34.5]
  • Of Smart Pointers ... [34.6]
• Contiguous storage in std::vector<T> ... [34.3]
• Contracts on methods ... [21.11], [21.12]
• Conversions, invalid
  • array-of-Derived → array-of-Base ... [21.4]
• Conversions, invalid: Derived** → Base** pointers ... [21.2]
• Conversions, invalid: Foo** → Foo const** pointers ... [18.17]
• Convert from string ... [39.2], [39.3]
• Convert to string; stringify() ... [35.8], [39.1], [39.3]
• Converting array-of-Derived → kind-of Array-of-Base, evilness of ... [21.4]
• Converting C++ to C ... [38.13]
• Converting char-pointers to numbers ... [15.22]
• Converting chars to numbers ... [15.22]
• Converting Foo** → Foo const**, evilness of (Const correctness) ... [18.17]
• Copy constructors
  • Should use const ... [27.10]
• Copy ctor must be publicly accessible (see also under Exceptions) ... [17.17]
• Copy on write (see Reference counting) ... [16.23], [16.24]
• Copy on write in reference counting ... [16.23], [16.24]
• Copy semantics ... [31.1]
• Copying permissions ... [1], [1.3]
• Copyright notice ... [1.2]
• Corruption of heap: bang, you're dead ... [16.12], [30.3], [38.7], [38.8]
• Cost, schedule, risk ... [23.3]
• count ... [27.5]
• cout ... [27.5]
• Covariant Return Types ... [20.8]
• Crash at runtime without any warning ... [11.5], [11.6], [16.2], [16.3], [16.5], [16.12], [16.13], [17.11], [20.7], [21.1], [21.4], [21.5], [26.11], [34.1], [39.8]
• create() methods (see Named Constructor Idiom) ... [10.8], [16.21], [16.24]
• Creational pattern ... [36.8]
• Croatian translation of this document ... [2.4]
• Cross delegation with virtual inheritance ... [25.10]
• cstdio header ... [15.1]
• Ctor (see also Constructors) ... [10]
• Curley-braces: whitespace standards ... [29.10]
• Cursors: moving them on the screen ... [15.19]
• Cycles within graphs (definition), Serialization and ... [36.13]
• Cygwin ... [38.5]